There is no denying that cats are curious creatures. We find them getting themselves into all sorts of mischief, from playing with snakes to rummaging through garbage cans. Trash can often be viewed as an enticing toy or a tasty snack to a cat. So, what happens if your cat has managed to get into the garbage and consumes dental floss? Is this dangerous?

The answer is, unfortunately, yes. The ingestion of dental floss could lead to a linear foreign body in your cat, one of the more dire types of foreign body ingestions. Continue reading to learn more about the risks associated with dental floss ingestion and linear foreign bodies.

Linear Foreign Bodies in Cats

Long, thin objects that are inappropriately consumed are called linear foreign bodies. String, rope, dental floss, cloth, and ribbon are examples of potential linear foreign bodies. What typically occurs in linear foreign body ingestion, or in this case, floss ingestion, is that the foreign object becomes embedded or stuck within the gastrointestinal tract. The natural movements of the intestines through peristalsis will attempt to propel the foreign object through the digestive tract. Intestinal bunching ends up occurring, leading to intense pain and intestinal damage. As damage occurs to the intestines and tension on the object increases, there is a risk of perforation of the gastrointestinal tract.

In some cases of linear foreign bodies, the object may be seen wrapped around the base of the tongue or seen exiting the rectum. It is important to never attempt to remove the string without the help of a veterinarian.

My Cat Just Ate Floss, What Should I Do?

The first thing to do after your cat has ingested floss or another type of linear foreign object is to call your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will likely ask several questions to help develop a plan for your pet.

In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend close monitoring at home, whereas in other situations, your veterinarian may recommend you bring your cat to the clinic. Cats are notoriously harder to induce vomiting in, and as a result, your veterinarian may recommend endoscopy to retrieve the object from the stomach, especially if ingestion just occurred.

Signs of a Linear Foreign Body

Signs can vary amongst patients, and owners sometimes are not aware that ingestion of a foreign object has occurred.

Diagnosing a Linear Foreign Body

If your pet has experienced signs associated with a foreign body, or if there is a recent history of ingestion of a foreign body like floss, radiographs will be recommended. Unfortunately, things like dental floss can be difficult to identify on radiographs, as the foreign object itself is usually not visible. The appearance of the intestines will be closely evaluated by the veterinarian to better determine if intestinal bunching has occurred, which is commonly seen with linear foreign bodies.

If there is a high suspicion of a linear foreign body but radiographs do not provide a definitive diagnosis, an ultrasound or exploratory surgery may be recommended to evaluate the gastrointestinal tract.

Treatment of a Linear Foreign Body

In some cases, linear foreign bodies can pass through the intestinal tract without causing havoc. The problem is that there is no way to determine which patients will be able to pass the string or floss without complications.

Linear foreign bodies can occasionally be removed through the induction of vomiting and endoscopic retrieval if recent consumption of the string has occurred.

If problems arise from ingestion of floss or another type of linear foreign object, surgery will likely be recommended. As with most foreign body surgeries, the sooner the surgery can occur after the patient has been stabilized, the better. Following foreign body surgery, your cat will need to be kept inactive and treated with appropriate medications. Additionally, a temporary diet change may be necessary.

How Can I Prevent Ingestion of Floss or Other Linear Foreign Objects?

Unfortunately, the chances are high that your cat will ingest something they shouldn’t at some point in their lives. Setting them up for success is imperative to their safety. What exactly does that mean?

Try making it very difficult for your cat to have access to potentially harmful items like floss by disposing of them properly in a trash can with a lid. Alternatively, it would be worthwhile to avoid linear floss altogether and try using a floss pick instead. Removing access to bathrooms is helpful by keeping doors closed. Before leaving the house, performing a quick check of the house is helpful in identifying potential hazards.

In Summary

If your cat has ingested dental floss, there is a risk of developing gastrointestinal complications. If possible, schedule an appointment with your veterinarian to evaluate your cat and to check for floss that may be wrapped around the base of the tongue. Unfortunately, some cats do require surgery after the consumption of a linear foreign object like dental floss. The prognosis is dependent on the duration of clinical signs and the damage endured to the intestinal tract. Try avoiding using potentially harmful things like dental floss in your home to minimize the chances of ingestion by a curious cat.

Featured Image Credit: Anastassiya Bezhekeneva, Shutterstock

The post My Cat Ate Dental Floss: Is It Dangerous? Our Vet Explains What to Do by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Noticing bleeding from your cat is alarming, especially when you don’t know what’s causing it. As imagined, bleeding can occur for several different reasons, ranging from trauma to immune disorders to infectious diseases. Bleeding is not an illness but more of a sign of something else. If your cat is bleeding it is strongly recommended that you contact your veterinarian for advice. Continue reading to learn more about common causes of bleeding based on body location.

Body Location

Bleeding From the Eyes

If you notice blood from the eyes, there is a good chance trauma has occurred. Trauma could include scratching around the eye leading to skin irritation, or a more serious injury like trauma to the eyeball. Blood can sometimes be seen within the eye itself with certain types of injury or infections.

Bleeding From the Ears

Ear infections can lead to trauma from excessive scratching. Additionally, cats can develop polyps within the ear that can cause irritation and inflammation leading to bleeding. Significant trauma to the head can also cause bleeding to be seen from the ears.

Bleeding From the Nose

Bleeding from the nose can be alarming, especially as it can sometimes lead to blood splatter. This can occur from a series of things, including nasal passage irritation due to an ongoing upper respiratory infection, cancer, and possibly trauma including foreign bodies. Diagnosing the cause of bleeding from the nose may be made based on history, or it may require a more in-depth investigation, including rhinoscopy, or a placement of a camera into the nasal passages.

Bleeding From the Mouth

If blood is noted in your cat’s mouth, it is often the result of gingivitis. Bleeding can also be noted when teeth are fractured or pulled out, both of which are painful. If trauma occurs to the mouth through fighting or a foreign body, blood may also be noted. Injury to the tongue or mouth tissues or even oral masses can also result in bleeding within the oral cavity. Significant trauma to the body resulting in severe bleeding in the chest can cause blood to be seen in the nose and mouth. Sedation may be necessary to thoroughly evaluate your pet’s oral cavity.

Bleeding From Skin

Bleeding from the skin is often from trauma and is easy to recognize. It is important to note that bleeding can occur with superficial injury to the skin and more significant deeper tissue trauma. Bleeding can be severe in some cases.

Blood in Urine

An unfortunately common concern some cat owners have is noticing blood in their cat’s urine. Cats are unique creatures who can be easily stressed and develop cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder. When this occurs, blood is often noted in the urine. Infection, bladder stones, and cancer are three other common causes of blood in the urine.

Bleeding From Rectum

Bleeding can occur from problems higher up in the gastrointestinal tract, like ulcerations, or from the rectum itself. Cats with diarrhea secondary to infection or constipation may experience bleeding from their rectum due to irritation and straining. Polyps, growths, and foreign bodies are other possible causes.

Internal Bleeding

Patients can also bleed internally, which can be harder to recognize. Signs will be dependent on where in the body the blood is being lost. Some patients suffering from tumors impacting their liver or spleen may experience hemorrhage in their abdomen. When this occurs, abdominal distension may be noted. Alternatively, if bleeding occurs within the chest, labored breathing may be seen. If large amounts of blood are being lost, your cat may experience pale gums, lethargy and weakness.

Clotting Problems

Unfortunately, clotting problems in cats can lead to bleeding that can be severe, and bleeding may be noted from different orifices. When this occurs, immediate intervention is necessary. Some animals may develop immune-mediated disorders that impact platelets or they may have been born with abnormal clotting factors. Alternatively, some patients may have ingested a poison or toxin that causes problems with clotting. An example of a poison would be anticoagulant rat bait. In patients suffering from clotting disorders, bleeding may be noted from different locations.

Treating Bleeding in Cats

As the possible causes of bleeding are vast, treatment varies greatly. The first thing that needs to be done is to determine the underlying cause of the blood loss. Often this can be done by listening to the patient’s history and performing a thorough physical examination.

Bloodwork may be recommended to check for other underlying problems and to check red blood cell levels. When anemia occurs, treatment may be needed to quickly increase the level of red blood cells through a blood transfusion. If anemia is noted in your pet, frequent blood checks will be done to see how the red blood cell levels are changing over time.

Depending on where the bleeding is occurring, additional diagnostics may include endoscopy, ultrasound, and radiographs.

Surgery may be necessary to repair wounds and stop bleeding. In other cases, supportive care through fluid therapy may be all that is required.

In Summary

You may notice blood on your cat and not be able to immediately pinpoint the origin. In any case, having your pet evaluated by your veterinarian is strongly recommended. Depending on the findings, your veterinarian will offer treatment recommendations and interventions. If bleeding is severe leading to anemia, ongoing monitoring of red blood cell levels will be needed.

Featured Image Credit: Kamil Zajaczkowski, Shutterstock

The post Why Is My Cat Bleeding? A Full-Body Overview (Vet Answer) by Dr. Marti Dudley, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Cats that have not been spayed cycle through a fertile period every 14–21 days during the breeding season.¹ This is called being “in heat.” When a female cat is in heat, this is an indication she is ready to mate with a male cat. Some owners find the behavior of their cats while they are in heat to be disruptive and/or destructive. They then may seek ways to suppress the signs or bring their cat out of heat rapidly so they don’t have to put up with the undesirable behavior.

One way that has been documented to calm your cat down and bring them out of heat is the “Q-tip method.” This has been reported to be a way that cat owners can soothe their cat who is in heat and calm them down quickly, therefore reducing the unwanted behavior in the home. The Q-tip method involves insertion of the Q-tip into your cat’s vagina and pushing it in and out several times.

It is not at all recommended to use the Q-tip method as there are too many things that can go wrong. Let’s explore this subject in more depth.

What Does Being in Heat Mean for Cats?

When the term “in heat” is used, it often confuses people. When people refer to a female cat as being “in heat” or being “in season,” this means they are in a stage where they are fertile and are able to get pregnant if they have a sexual encounter with a male cat. The first heat cycle for cats can start as young as 4 months old.

If your cat has been spayed (which means they have had their uterus and ovaries removed) they are unable to go into heat. This also means they are unable to get pregnant. Cats usually go into heat about once a month during the breeding season. In the northern hemisphere this is usually between January and late fall, but is dependent on the number of daylight hours. Cats that live in more tropical regions can cycle all year round.

How to Tell If Your Cat Is in Heat

All cats are individuals and some display clinical signs of being in heat differently from others. External signs such as a swollen vulva or bloody discharge are not usually that obvious in cats. The most common signs of a cat being in heat are behavioral and include:

What is the Q-Tip Method?

The Q-tip method is a way that has been described for owners to calm their cats down when they are in heat. Owners are advised to insert a Q-tip into the entrance of their cat’s vagina and move it in and out. The advice continues to say that the Q-tip should be inserted in and out fairly rapidly until the cat calms down. Essentially the Q-tip is supposed to mimic a male cat’s penis entering the vagina and stimulate the same response.

Cats are induced ovulators, meaning that they ovulate only when they are mated. The Q-tip is supposed to stimulate ovulation and therefore bring the cat out of heat. The Q-tip method is NEVER recommended by veterinarians. Let’s discuss why.

The 4 Reasons the Q-Tip Method is Advised Against

1. Risk of Infection

There is a huge risk of introducing infection using a Q-tip. If a foreign body is inserted into your cat’s vagina, it can bring in all sorts of bacteria. Even if attempts are made to sterilize the Q-tip, (which will be difficult at home), there is still a huge risk of infection.

Another potential issue is that because the end of the Q-tip is essentially cotton wool, small bits of fluff can come off it and remain in the vagina. This can cause a foreign body reaction and a nasty infection if left unnoticed.

2. Injury

Inserting a Q-tip to simulate the male cat’s penis can cause damage. You may push too hard, and tears and lacerations on the inside of the vagina are very painful and can be challenging to repair. You may cause unnecessary friction when inserting the Q-tip, or the angle may be incorrect.

All of these things can cause unnecessary trauma and subsequent infection if there are wounds or broken skin.

3. Unethical

Cats being in heat is a normal, natural process. It is unethical to perform this sort of procedure on a cat to attempt to stop the behavior. A cat is an animal that acts based on instincts and it is inappropriate to intervene and give the cat mixed messages about what to expect from natural urges.

4. Low Success Rate

This technique actually has a very low success rate. The risk of complications is far greater than any potential benefit therefore it is not worth doing.

The 7 Alternative Ways to Help Your Cat

1. Catnip

Catnip can be given to female cats in heat in an attempt to calm them down. Catnip (Nepeta Cataria) is an herb belonging to the mint family. It has small aromatic leaves that cats are attracted to. The smell of catnip can help to relax your cat and distract them from mating urges.

2. Pheromone Diffuser

There are pheromone diffusers available that release synthetic chemicals that emulate the

natural pheromones a mother cat releases when nursing her kittens. These can be very useful to calm down a cat in heat. These can be purchased as wall plug-ins to be released into the atmosphere to calm your cat.

3. Warm Heat Pad

Anecdotal evidence suggests that giving your cat a heating pad to lie on when they are in heat can help them calm down. The warmth of the pad can relax your cat and encourage them to lie down and rest.

4. Spay Your Cat

One way to ensure your cat does not come into heat at all is to have your cat spayed. Spaying involves the removal of the uterus and the ovaries through a small incision made on the side or along the bottom of the abdomen. Spaying also has other health benefits for your cat such as reducing the risk of mammary cancer.

5. L-theanine

This is an amino acid that can be found in the leaves of the tea plant. It is thought to have a calming effect on humans and animals.

6. Increase Physical Activity

If you play with your cat and allow them to run around, this can potentially distract them from their urges and stop them from getting stressed out. Exercise has many benefits for your cat’s health too.

7. Enrichment Toys

There are many puzzle toys and enrichment toys available you can buy for your cat. Some release small amounts of food as an incentive to keep playing or a reward. Others offer mental stimulation. These toys can distract your cat from their mating urges.

Conclusion

Using a Q-tip to help relieve a cat when they are in heat is not a suitable option. It is dangerous and there are lots of things that can go wrong. Your cat could end up with a serious injury or an infection.

There are lots of effective alternatives offering your cat relief or preventing them from being in heat altogether. Spaying your cat will mean that they cannot come into heat or get pregnant.

See also:

• How Often Should You Change the Water in a Cat Water Fountain? Vet-Approved Care Facts
• Is Pine-Sol Safe for Cats? Vet-Reviewed Health Facts

Featured Image Credit: ang intaravichian, Shutterstock

The post Can a Q-Tip Help a Cat in Heat? (Vet Answer) by Dr. Emma Chandley, BVetMed MRCVS (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Addison’s Disease, also known as hypoadrenocorticism, occurs due to a deficiency in adrenal gland hormones. It is a rare condition in cats. The underlying cause is not yet fully understood; however, it is thought to be related to an autoimmune disorder where the cat’s body destroys some of its own tissue. Destruction of the adrenal gland can also occur through things like cancer or injury to the gland.

When the adrenal gland isn’t functioning as well as it should be, there are reduced amounts of certain hormones circulating in the body. This causes electrolyte imbalances of potassium, chloride, and sodium. In the case of Addison’s Disease, potassium is allowed to gradually build up in the blood and can eventually cause the heart to slow down or beat irregularly.

If left untreated, it can progress to kidney failure and shock. Clinical signs, blood tests, and diagnostic imaging can be used to diagnose Addison’s Disease.

Click to skip ahead:

• Important Functions of Hormones
• Signs
• Causes
• Diagnosis
• Care Tips
• FAQ

What Is Addison’s Disease in Cats?

Addison’s disease is rare in cats. It is a disease that affects two important glands in the body called the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located in front of the kidneys. These glands are responsible for the production of important hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone, estrogen, and androgens. These hormones are vital to the normal healthy functioning of the cat’s body. They help regulate your cat’s metabolism, blood pressure, immune system, and their response to stress amongst other things.

Without them, your cat will become very sick. The adrenal glands are paired glands that are made up of an outer cortex and inner medulla.

Important Functions of Hormones

What Are the Signs of Addison’s Disease in Cats?

Addison’s Disease is notoriously difficult to diagnose. This is because the clinical signs tend to be vague and non-specific. They often mimic other diseases. The symptoms can also be intermittent.

Common signs include ¹:

Cats can also experience something called an adrenal crisis ². This is a medical emergency and if your cat does not receive prompt treatment, they may die. Aggression fluid therapy is required to correct dehydration and restore levels of body fluids and electrolytes. Hormone replacement therapy is initiated when the cat has been stabilized.

What Are the Causes of Addison’s Disease in Cats?

Addison’s Disease is caused by a deficiency of the hormones produced by the adrenal glands. The exact reason the adrenal glands stop production of these hormones is not very well understood. There are some diseases linked to the condition. In a lot of cases, it is believed that the immune system turns on itself and begins to attack the body’s own cells, including the cells of the adrenal gland. This is known as an immune-mediated disorder.

Some other diseases such as infections or cancer can cause damage or destruction of the adrenal glands. Physical injury to the adrenal glands causing damage can also lead to Addison’s Disease developing in some cases.

Diagnosis of a Cat with Addison’s Disease

As mentioned above, Addison’s Disease can be tricky to diagnose. Presenting clinical signs does not necessarily lead to Addison’s Disease as they can mean many different things.

If your cat is showing any of the clinical signs listed above, it is recommended that you take your cat to your vet so that they can examine your cat and run the necessary tests.

Your vet will begin by examining your cat from head to tail and noting any abnormalities present. They will run some routine blood tests to assess blood cell counts and organ function. They will carry out a urinalysis to check kidney function and also to see if the urine is being concentrated properly. They will check your cat’s blood pressure too. X-rays of the chest and an ECG may also be advised. Some vets will do an ultrasound on the abdomen as well to assess the anatomy and check it is normal.

There are a few telltale signs your vet will be looking for on these tests. One of the most common ones is an electrolyte imbalance involving potassium and sodium.

If your vet suspects Addison’s Disease, there are a few further blood tests they can carry out to diagnose the condition. One of these is the ACTH stimulation test ³. This assesses adrenal function. Two measurements of cortical are taken. One is the baseline and the next one is a measurement taken after some synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone has been given to the cat. In Addison’s Disease, there will be little or no increase in cortisol.

How Do I Care for a Cat with Addison’s Disease

There is no cure for Addison’s Disease, however, there are some effective treatment options that can help your cat live a good quality of life despite having the disease. If the cat presents in an Addisonian crisis, treatment from your vet will be geared around stabilizing your cat. Your vet will administer intravenous fluid therapy where required. Electrolyte imbalances will need to be corrected and hydration status brought back to normal. Blood transfusions are sometimes required too.

Once your cat is stable, long-term treatment can be initiated ⁴. This can be in the form of oral tablets or injections. Your cat will start on steroid replacement therapy. Cats are usually given two types of medication—one supplements glucocorticoids and the other supplements mineralocorticoids. Often cats are given prednisolone and an injectable mineralocorticoid. Both of these medications are now required for the duration of the cat’s life. They can be given at home usually or your vet can do the injections. Your cat will be monitored regularly by your vet to assess their response to the treatment and adjustments will be made based on how well they are responding.

Owners of cats with Addison’s Disease need to be aware that stress can cause an adrenal crisis. Owners must be mindful of this if their cat is in a potentially stressful situation such as moving house or the introduction of a new family member. It is important to never stop the medication abruptly as this can cause huge problems for your cat as they will have been relying on the medication to survive.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do cats get Addison’s Disease?

It is currently unclear exactly how cats develop Addison’s Disease, although there are a few predisposing factors that seem to be relevant. Cancer of the kidneys and the presence of tumors can contribute. Any damage or trauma to the adrenal glands can also predispose cats. Some cats are thought to develop it via an autoimmune disease, where the cat’s body starts to attack its own cells.

What is the life expectancy of a cat with Addison’s disease?

If the disease is diagnosed promptly and treatment is started quickly, the prognosis is relatively good for cats. If cats are started on long-term therapy and owner compliance is good, the life expectancy is fair as long as there are no concurrent diseases that would have an adverse effect. Cats with an adrenal tumor present tend to have a worse prognosis; however, these cases are very rare.

Does Addison’s disease get worse over time?

Unfortunately, Addison’s Disease is a progressive disorder. If left untreated, cats will slowly get worse, showing more symptoms until they die.

Can I prevent my cat from getting Addison’s Disease?

Due to the fact that Addison’s Disease is usually caused by an autoimmune response, there is no sure way to prevent your cat from getting the disease. You can ensure your cat leads a healthy lifestyle and attends your vet regularly for checkups. If you do this it is likely that if they did start to develop Addison’s Disease, it would be caught early. Once receiving treatment, your cat will go back to leading a normal life.

Conclusion

Addison’s Disease is a rare disorder in cats that affects the adrenal glands. Unfortunately, there is no cure for it, but there are effective treatment methods that can be used with very good results in cats.

Signs can be very difficult to spot as they can be intermittent and non-specific. If you think your cat may be unwell at all, seek out help from your vet as soon as possible. Your vet will be able to carry out appropriate tests based on the clinical history and physical exam findings.

Once a diagnosis has been made, your vet will be able to start treatment for your cat. Once they are receiving the correct doses of medication, your cat will be able to return to a normal lifestyle.

Featured Image Credit: Andrii Medvednikov, Shutterstock

The post Addison’s Disease in Cats: Our Vet Explains Causes, Signs & Treatments by Christian Adams appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

If you are a dog owner, there’s a good chance you’ve heard of Cushing’s Disease. If you are owned by a cat, however, you might not be familiar with it, for good reason. Cushing’s disease, or Hyperadrenocorticism, is a condition that almost exclusively affects dogs, most commonly in Miniature Poodles, Dachshunds, Boxers, and Yorkshire Terriers. Most vets will never see a case of feline Cushing’s disease, but they can—and do—occur.

Before we delve too deeply into the specifics of Cushing’s disease in cats, let’s familiarize ourselves with the basics. In order to understand what hyperadrenocorticism is, we need to know some simple anatomy and how the stress response system works.

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• What Is Cushing’s Disease?
• Signs
• Diagnosis
• Treatment

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis — A Simplified Version

Cushing’s disease is a complex disorder involving key endocrine (hormonal) pathways and has a knock-on effect on virtually all other organ systems.

All these components follow a negative feedback system².

As cortisol levels in the blood drop, the hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland to produce ACTH  (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which tells the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol. Once cortisol levels are at the appropriate level, the hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland to stop producing ACTH, which tells the adrenal glands to halt cortisol production.

There are a number of ways in which this system can go wrong, and one of them results in the excessive production of cortisol—hyperadrenocorticism, AKA Cushing’s disease.

What Is Cushing’s Disease?

Named after Harvey Cushing³, the pioneering neurosurgeon who first described the disorder, Cushing’s disease is the result of an excess of the hormone, cortisol, being produced by one or both adrenal glands.

There is a third presentation of hyperadrenocorticism: Iatrogenic Hyperadrenocorticism. This occurs when animals being treated with corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) develop the clinical signs of Cushing’s disease. However, this is also extremely rare in cats.

What Are the Signs of Cushing’s Disease in Cats?

The signs of Cushing’s disease in cats are similar to those seen in dogs and include:

Many of the signs listed may also be seen with a number of more common conditions in older cats, such as diabetes, kidney disease, and hyperthyroidism, which would need to be ruled out.

How Is Cushing’s Disease Diagnosed?

As a relatively common disease in dogs, canine Cushing’s disease is usually suspected based on the history, clinical signs, and breed of the patient and is confirmed with blood tests. However, Cushing’s disease in cats usually affects female cats of any breed older than 10 years. The most consistent and prominent clinical sign is their thin, fragile skin, which often suffers damage from the blood tests necessary to make a diagnosis.

These cases are further complicated by the fact that they often have concurrent, insulin-resistant diabetes, culminating in a fairly unhappy feline patient whose worsening clinical signs, coupled with the likely reluctance of their owners to submit to repeated blood tests, make diagnosis extremely challenging.

The initial workup of these cases involves routine biochemistry and hematology evaluations, which, when paired with clinical signs, would lead to further investigations. The laboratory findings in feline Cushing’s disease patients differ markedly from the results seen in dogs.

In canine hyperadrenocorticism, the effects of cortisol lead to significantly elevated liver enzymes, which are a strong indicator of the condition. In cats, the hematology and biochemistry are largely consistent with a diabetic patient, as cortisol does not cause the same increases in liver parameters, making diagnosis even more difficult, and clinical signs tend to be the main driver behind more targeted testing.

The tests required to diagnose Cushing’s disease involve artificially manipulating the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, using either:

Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

This involves measuring the cortisol levels in the blood following the administration of a synthetic steroid hormone, dexamethasone. In a non-Cushing’s patient, this should trigger the negative feedback system to result in a lowering of blood cortisol, whereas a patient with hyperadrenocorticism will either show no, or partial, suppression of cortisol levels.

In cats, the amount of dexamethasone needed to create the suppression response is significantly higher than in dogs, and their patterns of suppression tend to vary more than their canine counterparts.

ACTH Stimulation Test

As the name suggests, cortisol levels are measured before and after a synthetic ACTH analog is injected. In normal animals, the post-stimulation cortisol levels should remain within the normal range, due to the negative feedback system. Elevated cortisol levels following ACTH stimulation are diagnostic for hyperadrenocorticism in dogs, but in cats, this test often gives false negatives.

Urinalysis to assess urine concentration and cortisol levels may also be used to help diagnose feline Cushing’s patients. Imaging such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI may also be utilized in cases where a diagnosis has not yet been established.

How Is Cushing’s Disease in Cats Treated?

Due to the high level of surgical complication and mortality in dogs, treatment for canine hyperadrenocorticism is almost always medical. Mitotane, a cytotoxic drug that targets adrenal tissue, or Trilostane, an adrenal enzyme inhibitor, are the mainstays of treatment in dogs. However, neither drug has a substantial amount of information regarding safety or effectiveness in feline cases, but both are still used in clinical practice.

Studies indicate that cats have a much lower postoperative complication rate than dogs, making adrenalectomy a more viable option. Radiation therapy for PDH patients is also an option, though a rarely used one.

The prognosis of these cases will depend greatly on how well they respond to treatment, as well as concurrent illness. Ultimately, Cushing’s disease will shorten life expectancy, to anywhere from several months to 2–3 years following diagnosis.

Conclusion

Cushing’s disease is a rare condition in cats; however, given the difficulty in diagnosing and treating it, it is possible that there are more cases that go undiagnosed. It certainly wouldn’t be high on many lists of differential diagnoses. One of the greatest challenges in identifying feline cases is the fact that many of the clinical signs and initial blood results are consistent with unresponsive diabetes, which may be occurring at the same time. Coupled with their inconsistent response to more specific diagnostic testing, it is remarkable that cases are successfully diagnosed at all.

Although the disease shares most of the fundamental characteristics of canine hyperadrenocorticism, cats do not respond with the same level of predictability during diagnostic workups and are more limited in terms of treatment options and, therefore, prognosis.

The most common clinical signs of Cushing’s disease are PU/PD, lethargy, weight loss or altered weight distribution, increased appetite, and poor skin and coat conditions. These can also accompany a number of diseases in older cats, all of which require veterinary attention. If any of these changes are affecting your cat, a veterinary examination is needed.

Featured Image Credit: Elpisterra, Shutterstock

The post Cushing’s Disease in Cats: Our Vet Explains Causes, Signs & Treatments by Dr. Karyn Kanowski, BVSc MRCVS (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Scoliosis represents a lateral curvature of the spine, especially of the thoracic area. If you look at your cat’s spine from above, you will see that it curves laterally. However, mild cases are not obvious and are often detected accidentally during X-ray exams.

Most of the time, scoliosis in a cat is present since birth, and its effects can be observed even in kittens. Clinical signs of scoliosis in cats can include stiffness, general weakness, favoring one part of the body (for example, your cat meows when you touch them on one side), decreased appetite, and depression. The diagnosis of certainty is established following radiographs of the spine.

Treatment of scoliosis in cats depends on the severity of the condition. For example, mild cases can be treated with physical therapy, while in severe cases, surgery may be required to correct the spine.

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• Signs
• Causes
• Treatment & Care Tips
• Frequently Asked Questions

What Is Scoliosis in Cats?

Scoliosis is a vertebral malformation that causes a lateral curvature of the spine. This condition can affect dogs, cats, and humans. In cats, scoliosis is extremely rare compared to humans. However, it can cause mobility problems and discomfort and decrease the quality of your cat’s life.

In severe cases, the malformation of the vertebrae can lead to secondary compression of the spinal cord and trauma, which in turn, will lead to uncoordinated walking and even paresis. If the condition greatly impairs your cat’s quality of life, euthanasia may be recommended.

Scoliosis can usually be noticed when looking at your cat’s back from above, but there are cases when the degree of scoliosis is low, and the clinical signs are not obvious. Most of the time, this condition is congenital (present from birth) and commonly occurs in cat breeds like the Siamese and Devon Rex. However, scoliosis can occur in any breed.

What Are the Signs of Scoliosis in Cats?

Severe cases of scoliosis mainly cause discomfort. However, it can also cause pain and other clinical signs when the malformation of the vertebrae pinches a nerve.

One of the most noticeable clinical signs of this condition in cats is visible curvature of the spine (when the cat is lying down or standing). But if the degree of scoliosis is minimal, the lateral curvature of the spine will only be seen on X-rays.

In severe cases, you might notice your cat sitting hunched over and having difficulty walking or running. Cats with scoliosis may also walk unevenly, run or walk with a limp, and have difficulty maintaining their balance. Such cats will be exposed to the risk of falling and injuries. Cats with severe scoliosis can even have breathing problems because the lateral curvature of the spine will put pressure on their lungs, making breathing difficult.

Lethargy is another clinical sign that may occur if your cat suffers from scoliosis. It may seem that they are not as active as other cats or that they are less active than usual—they will refuse to play and move.

If your cat shows these clinical signs, take them to the veterinarian as soon as possible.

What Are the Causes of Scoliosis in Cats?

Scoliosis is a congenital anomaly (i.e., present at birth), or it is caused by a developmental anomaly of the spine, which may include:

Scoliosis can also result from injuries or trauma to the spine.

Although it generally occurs in kittens, scoliosis can occur over time from various pathological processes (tumors, inflammations, or degenerative diseases). These processes can damage the spine and cause it to curve over time. Vitamin-mineral deficiencies (such as vitamin D and calcium) can also lead to scoliosis.

If your cat has a visibly crooked back or shows signs of discomfort or mobility problems, contact the veterinarian as soon as possible.

How Is Scoliosis Detected in Cats?

You can detect scoliosis yourself at home just by looking at your cat’s back, which will show a lateral curvature. If the curvature is not visible, you can run your fingers gently along your pet’s back and feel for any modifications. If you feel anything unusual, contact your vet.

You can also monitor your cat’s gait or changes in posture. A cat with scoliosis may walk unevenly and have difficulty walking; they may also walk hunched over and have difficulty moving their hind legs. Other subtle clinical signs, such as pain when you touch them in certain areas or reluctance to jump, play, or climb stairs, can be indicative of scoliosis.

For these reasons, it is important to contact the veterinarian whenever you feel that something is wrong with your cat. Once you arrive at the clinic with your pet, the vet will take a set of X-rays, which will determine with certainty if your cat suffers from scoliosis or other medical conditions.

What Is the Treatment for Scoliosis in Cats?

Scoliosis is a condition that occurs rarely in cats. In general, most cats with scoliosis do not require treatment, being able to lead long and peaceful lives. However, there are cases in which scoliosis is severe and compromises the quality of life of the affected pet.

In mild cases, veterinarians can recommend physiotherapy and kinesiotherapy, two therapies designed to help improve mobility and reduce pain (if applicable). Physical therapy can even prevent your cat’s scoliosis from getting worse. Therefore, if your cat suffers from a mild form of scoliosis, it is recommended to take them to a few sessions of kinesiotherapy and physiotherapy.

In severe cases, when the curvature is prominent, the vet may recommend surgical intervention to correct the defect. Your cat’s spine will be straightened and stabilized with metal rods and screws. Since this is a major procedure, make sure you discuss with the veterinarian all the risks and complications that may arise. The vet may also recommend anti-inflammatory and anti-pain medication to improve your cat’s clinical signs.

How Do I Care for a Cat With Scoliosis?

There are a few tips that can help you prevent your cat’s scoliosis from getting worse.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How Do I Know If My Cat Has Spine Problems?

If your cat has problems with their spine, they will show certain clinical signs, such as having a curved back or a stiff neck, not wanting to turn or raise their head, having an appetite but refusing to eat, exhibiting changes in posture and paresis or paralysis, meowing when moving or touched, not using the litter box, or refusing to move at all. Contact the veterinarian for a definite diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Can You Fix Scoliosis in Cats Without Surgery?

Treatment of scoliosis in cats depends on the severity of the condition. Mild cases can be controlled with physiotherapy, observation, and anti-inflammatory and anti-pain medication (if needed). Being a defect (malformation) of the vertebrae, it can only be repaired surgically. In severe cases, surgical intervention is required because otherwise, it can significantly affect your cat’s quality of life.

Conclusion

Scoliosis in felines is a rare condition, and cats are usually born with this spine defect. Some pets may not show any clinical signs, and scoliosis may only be accidentally diagnosed during routine X-rays, while other cats may suffer from severe forms that deform (curve laterally) their spine and cause various walking and balance problems. Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, your vet may recommend physiotherapy and in severe cases, surgical intervention to straighten the spine. If you suspect that your cat suffers from scoliosis or other medical conditions, contact your veterinarian immediately.

Featured Image Credit: Nils Jacobi, Shutterstock

The post Scoliosis in Cats – Detection and Treatments (Vet Answer) by Dr. Iulia Mihai, DVM MSc (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

NHV Tripsy is a feline urinary and kidney supplement aimed to soothe the lining of a cat’s urinary system, prevent the formation of kidney stones, and reduce inflammation for an all-around more comfortable urinary tract for our kitty friends. Urinary crystals and urinary tract infections may also be prevented with this product.

NHV’s Tripsy supplement comes as a liquid available in a 3.4-oz (100 mL) bottle with a syringe/bulb top for easy measuring. They provide your dosing instructions clearly on the bottle, which you can then give directly to your cat or mix into food.

Urinary inflammation is one of the most common health issues of cats, and NHV’s Tripsy For Cats is one of several supplement choices you can choose from (or mix) to help relieve urinary or kidney disease-related signs in cats.

Click to Skip Ahead:

• About NHV
• NHV Tripsy Overview
• Key Features
• Is It A Good Value?
• FAQ
• Our Experience

About NHV Natural Pet Products

NHV has formulated 100% natural supplements for over 150 different pet health conditions. All of their supplements contain human-grade ingredients and are formulated by herbalist-specialized veterinarians. All of their supplements also undergo multi-step product testing to confirm formulation and safety.

Pet supplements are tricky to trust because there are few if any regulations around their development, what claims of efficacy can be made, or what testing they must undergo. Unlike most other supplement brands, NHV uses research and veterinary expertise to formulate all of their products and goes above and beyond the requirements for testing. They also have products tested in high-quality research studies to support the health claims of their supplements.

When choosing an NHV supplement for your dog or cat, you can feel confident that the product contains what it claims and the ingredients are safe for your pet.

Which Types of Cats Is NHV Tripsy For Cats Best Suited For?

Cats with struvite urinary crystals, kidney stones, recurrent UTIs, or bouts of urinary inflammation best benefit from this product. Many of these cats may already be using prescription urinary or kidney diets to support them, and especially for those without complete control of their symptoms, NHV Tripsy works great in conjunction with other urinary treatments or potentially on its own.

NHV Tripsy Overview

NHV provides a lot of different supplements, even many other urinary and kidney supplements for cats, but here’s what you need to know about their Tripsy supplement for cats specifically.

Specs

Pricing

NHV Tripsy For Cats is available for $44.95 per bottle on their website. When you buy two bottles, you also receive a discount of $3 and financing options are available through afterpay to help break up the cost over time. You can provide a credit or debit card to pay, or use Paypal or Google Pay.

Contents

NHV Tripsy arrives in a small, green box, which contains the supplement bottle currently capped, and a bulb-top syringe cap separately. You can unseal the cap and replace it with the syringe cap, which has increments up to 1 mL marked up the syringe. When time to administer you simply use pressure on the bulb top to pull up the advised amount of the liquid supplement to give to your cat.

All dosing and ingredient information is available on both the bottle and the box.

In Summary

Key Features

Quality

High-quality pet supplements can be a challenge to find but NHVs products are a great place to start. All of their products go through two-step testing that includes a third-party lab, are 100% natural and organic, and are formulated by veterinarians.

The brown glass bottle for the supplement protects Tripsy For Cats from light, the bulb-top syringe isn’t flimsy or difficult to use, the label is bright, clear, and easy to read, and the product is safe for long-term use in cats.

Palatability

Tripsy For Cats is designed to be palatable to cats so that they’ll drink it directly from a dish or mixed with food, but as we all know, many cats are notoriously picky. My cat is what I consider moderately discerning. Within a couple of days to adjust to the new taste, which is a common issue, he would start eating this placed on top of his food and later he would even just lick it up.

Ingredients

NHV’s Tripsy For Cats contains the following ingredients: stone root, parsley piert, wild hydrangea (root), gravel root, echinacea purpurea, marshmallow, and Oregon grape.

These ingredients are all known to reduce or prevent inflammation, improve urinary and blood flow, aid in the removal or prevention of urinary or kidney crystals or stones, among many other benefits.

Most of these ingredients have some sort of support in high-quality research studies across various species, but unfortunately, research on the effects of these ingredients in cats specifically is lacking. Luckily though, NHV is actively pursuing research for their products, and Tripsy For Cats in particular has at least one study showing early support that it can aid in the dissolution of struvite urinary crystals, which is great.

Is NHV Tripsy a Good Value?

Tripsy For Cats costs $44.95 per bottle, which contains 100 mL. The lowest possible dosing is 0.5 mL given twice daily, which equates to over three months of treatment from a single bottle. For even the heaviest cats, the most you will need to give is 1 mL twice daily, which is still over a month of product per bottle.

For larger cats, approaching $50 every 6 weeks or so may seem pricey for some cat owners, but with pet supplements, you do not want to choose the cheapest available option.

Pet supplement companies are regularly caught with mismatches between the listed ingredients in the supplements and what is actually found in them when tested. Sometimes the active ingredient(s) isn’t found at all and worse, sometimes toxic ingredients are found instead. Other companies may also design a supplement that has irrelevant ingredients that have no support for their claimed use.

While the cost can functionally double based on whether your cat is over or under 16 pounds, NHV puts in the work to provide a product you can trust.

FAQ

Can this help dissolve my cat’s urinary crystals?

The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine compared results from giving six cats Tripsy For Cats at the recommended dosing for two weeks and showed that there was a significant reduction in struvite crystals in these cats’ urine (compared to a placebo). While this is a very small study, the initial results show support for the ability of this supplement to dissolve struvite urinary crystals in cats.

Is wild hydrangea a problem for cats?

The answer to this essentially lies in the differences in toxic properties of plants, depending on which part of the plant we’re discussing. Often, toxic properties are specific to one part of the plant, or some combination of parts. Wild hydrangea’s leaves, flowers, or buds do have a toxic potential, but Tripsy uses the roots, which is not toxic to cats. Additionally, even if another part of the plant was used, research shows a significant amount would have to be ingested by a cat to be dangerous.

Our Experience With NHV Tripsy For Cats

My personal cat, Boots, is a 9-pound domestic shorthair tabby cat who is generally a healthy cat, but he does have Stage 2 Chronic Kidney Disease. I decided to check Boots’s current blood creatinine levels (important kidney value), give him Tripsy For Cats for one month, then recheck his creatinine afterward to see if anything changed. I also monitored his litter box habits.

While he has no history of urinary crystals, lower urinary tract inflammation, or problems going outside the litter box, Boots struggles with constipation due to his kidney disease, and an irregular urinary schedule.

As I noted above, Boots wasn’t a fan of Tripsy in our initial days. I continued to offer it with food each day, trying it with his dry food or his gravy-like hydration supplement, and after a couple of days of adjustment, he decided he didn’t mind eating it with his food!

As the month progressed, he grew to be excited when he heard me grab the bottle, knowing food or treats would also be coming, and I was able to transition him to simply licking a small bowl clean to take his supplement, and then giving a treat afterward.

At the end of the month, I rechecked Boots’s creatinine levels and found they had not changed, and all was well and stable. I was very happy to find that he became perfectly regular in his urination habits, and I knew exactly what points in the day I could check the litter box and find he had gone. He also suffered no bouts of constipation throughout his month of treatment.

By the end of the month, he was happy to take Tripsy, was excited even, and while it didn’t appear to do much for his kidney values, it did seem to support his urinary health in a measurable way that left him more comfortable and better hydrated.

Based on how Boots handled taking the supplement in the beginning, I would be hesitant to tell an owner of a picky cat that they’ll be easy to give this supplement to, but I do think it would be at least worth trying. I also plan to continue giving Tripsy to my cat and watching his kidney values in the future, as the time it takes to cause changes can vary. He luckily has mild kidney disease, and this might be more impactful for him as it progresses later in his life.

Conclusion

NHV’s Tripsy For Cats urinary and kidney supplement has the potential to provide several important benefits to cats. Considering how common urinary disorders are in cats and based on my own experience with the product, I recommend any cat owner with the time and funds to try this out with their cat. You may not even identify signs of inflammation or discomfort in the urinary tract of your cat until after giving Tripsy to them and seeing an improvement as I did.

The post NHV Tripsy For Cats Review 2023: Our Vet’s Opinion by Dr. Maria Zayas, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Have you ever looked over at your cat and watched them pull a face as if they have smelt something disgusting? Interestingly, this is a natural reflex they possess called the Flehmen Response. It also goes by the name Flehmen Grimace or Flehmen Reaction. It is a technique that has been developed which aids in the processing of certain scents and smells.

For example, cats do a great deal of their communication through the release of chemical compounds called pheromones. They secrete these pheromones to help them relay important messages to other cats. These messages give the other cats information about where their territory is, mating rituals, and identification of each other and whether they are a friend or a foe. Other animals also partake in this strange-looking ritual, including goats, llamas, tigers, lions, horses, and hippopotamuses.

This article will discuss in depth, what the Flehmen Response in cats is and how it is used.

Click to skip ahead:

• Cat Communication and the Role of Pheromones
• Flehmen Response Overview
• Flehmen’s Response Characteristics in Cats
• The Causes
• Evolution of Flehmen Response
• Frequently Asked Questions

Cat Communication and the Role of Pheromones

It is impossible to talk about the Flehmen Response without first discussing pheromones. Cats use pheromones in many ways to communicate with each other ¹. Pheromones are scent chemicals that get released by scent glands spread over the cat’s body. They are located in many different places including their paws, their chin, and their cheeks.

Cats can pick up and respond to other species’ pheromones as well, such as potential predators or prey animals but they usually focus on their own species. Cats have their own set of pheromones that they use to send signals and messages to other cats.

What Is the Flehmen Response?

The word Flehmen comes from a German word meaning “lip curl”. Some people think it is a sign of aggression, but it is a part of a normal behavioral response. Animals respond to certain stimuli such as pheromones or other odors which give them important information. By utilizing Flehmen Response ², cats are able to process smells and access the information the smell might be telling them. Interestingly, it is a voluntary response the animal carries out under conscious control to enable them to better understand the scent or odor.

The point of the Flehmen Response is to bring the air holding the scent or odor over something called the vomeronasal organ ³ (also referred to as the Jacobson’s organ).

The Flehmen Response opens up two small ducts located behind the incisor teeth on the roof of the mouth. These ducts are called nasopalatine canals. The scent is allowed to travel to the vomeral nasal organ. This organ is located at the bottom of the nasal cavity in the soft tissue of the nasal septum sitting above the roof of the mouth. It is an accessory olfactory organ (relating to the sense of smell). It processes pheromones, scents, and sometimes hormones released by other animals, normally of the same species, but they can come from predators and prey animals too. When these chemicals make direct contact with the vomeral nasal organ, they are processed as a sensation which is more than just a smell and gives the cat more information than just sniffing things would. The vomeral nasal organ sends neuronal signals straight to the accessory olfactory bulb.

These signals eventually make it to a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus has lots of different jobs, including influencing reproductive hormones and behavior. This accounts for the fact that certain pheromones and scents can have a strong influence on things like mating behavior and territorial aggression.

What Does the Flehmen Response Look Like in Cats?

If you haven’t caught your cat pulling strange faces, you may be curious as to what the Flehmen Response actually looks like.

Your cat will appear to be pulling its face as if they have smelt something very unpleasant. They usually hold their mouths wide open, curl their upper lip, exposing their upper front teeth, and breathe in while doing this. In some circumstances, they will stretch their neck out or hold their head at a funny angle to optimize the processing of the scents and odors. Your cat will hold this pose for a minute or so then return to their normal facial expressions. They may repeat the response if they didn’t get enough information the first time around.

What Causes the Flehmen Response?

The Flehmen Response is a voluntary action taken by cats when they are exposed to an exciting scent, odor, or some pheromones from another animal. The Flehmen Response is commonly used by male cats smelling female cats’ urine to assess if she is ready to mate. However, it can be used by any cat when they come across a scent that they deem to be interesting enough to warrant further investigation.

Why Has the Flehmen Response Evolved?

The Flehmen Response has evolved to serve an important purpose in cats. One of the main reasons for its evolution is likely to be linked to the ability to identify the reproductive status of the opposite sex. It also increases cats’ chances of survival. It does this by allowing them to access and process important information from their environment concerning potential food sources and prey, but also dangerous predators. Another reason from an evolutionary stance would be to warn other cats away from their territory by marking out the space they have claimed.

The Flehmen Response is also used to aid in interspecies communication to allow cats to assess if the animal they can smell is sexually receptive to them or not.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Why do cats have a Flehmen Response?

Cats utilize their Flehmen Response to detect pheromones and other critical chemical stimuli in their environment to give them information about other cats and potential predators and prey animals. Pheromones are present in other animals’ urine and feces and also any areas that other cats have “marked” by rubbing themselves on and depositing the pheromones on.

Should you be worried about a cat’s Flehmen Response?

Despite the strange appearance of your cat when they are exhibiting the Flehmen Response, there is absolutely nothing to worry about, they are not in any discomfort or pain. The Flehmen Response is entirely normal and nothing to worry about.

Is the Flehmen Response unique to cats?

Many other animals exhibit the Flehmen Response. This includes both predator and prey species. More familiar examples are the cat and the horse; however, other species include giraffes, elephants, bison, tigers, lions, tapirs, goats, llamas, hedgehogs, pandas, rhinos, and hippopotami. It is believed that humans have a rudimentary vomeral nasal organ that is thought to be non-functional. There is still much debate about the existence and function of the organ in humans. Humans do not display a Flehmen Response. More research is required to determine the presence and use of the organ.

What other behavior responses appear similar to the Flehmen Response?

There are a few other reactions your cat may display that could appear to be very similar to the Flehmen Response, which actually means very different things.

If your cat is frightened or if they feel threatened, they may curl their lips and growl or hiss. If they are stressed or anxious, they may also start to curl their lips. If you are not sure how your cat is reacting, look at the situation your cat might be in to guide you. You can also look at their body position. They usually won’t tilt their head back or stretch out their neck if they are defensive.

Conclusion

The Flehmen Response is a useful behavioral response that cats possess. They use it to gain more information about scents and odors in their environment. The Flehmen Response is voluntary, meaning your cat consciously carries out the behavior when they want to gain more information about something. It can look as if your cat is frightened or angry, but they are not distressed at all when exhibiting this behavior.

It is a completely normal and very useful technique that has evolved to enable them to survive and thrive in their environment.

Featured Image Credit: Jupiter_79, Pixabay

The post What Is the Flehmen Response in Cats? Our Vet Answers by Dr. Emma Chandley, BVetMed MRCVS (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

No one likes to be constipated, especially not our feline friends who make a comfortable career in whichever way they choose. Unlike a dog that may poop unseen in a yard, we usually know if a cat stops pooping (if they’re indoors using a litter box at least), so if you do notice your cat has stopped pooping, what do you need to do?

Luckily, usually, this isn’t an emergency, though they do need to be seen by a vet. How big a deal this is depends on the cause, how long it’s been happening, and if they’re showing only signs of constipation or anything else. Here’s what you need to know about constipated cats.

Click below to jump ahead:

• Signs
• Causes
• What to Do
• Why a Constipated Cat Might Be an Emergency
• Frequently Asked Questions

Signs of Constipation in Cats

The old feeling is just as true for cats as it is for us. Everyone poops. When a cat stops pooping, things start to build up inside pretty quickly. Early signs will usually be just a drop in appetite and maybe trips to the litter box, but poop doesn’t come out.

As it progresses, a cat may go off food entirely and even start vomiting. You may notice them straining to poop in the litterbox, even crying out, while getting nothing or barely anything out. Hiding, gagging, becoming aggressive, and having a tense, painful belly are all signs that can develop as constipation persists.

Causes of Constipation in Cats

The intestines are constantly in motion, squeezing and releasing to slowly move things down the pipe. This is called peristalsis. A cat that is constipated may do so because the poop doesn’t want to move or because this movement in the intestines has stalled.

In most cases, a constipated cat will have hard, over-dry stool that is hard to pass. When they do get any out, it is rock hard and smaller than usual. Dehydration is a classic cause of this. This can be brought on by age, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, or some other things.

For cats failing to move stool because the intestines can’t keep up, toxins, diet changes, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and megacolon are common culprits. This tends to be the more dangerous form of constipation though you likely can’t tell which you’re dealing with from home.

What to Do If Your Cat Is Constipated

Constipated cats need water, all the water they can get. The better hydrated they are, the better they can move things along. Feeding wet food is a great place to start at home. There is also an over-the-counter hydration supplement, Purina Pro Plan Hydra Care, which is scrumptious gravy-like packets that significantly help hydrate a kitty in need.

Some cats may need stool softeners. While Miralax is an over-the-counter option, this needs to be carefully dosed by a veterinarian. There are also more effective prescription alternatives that may be a better choice.

In some cases, direct hydration via fluids given underneath the skin regularly may be the best route. A veterinarian can help with this.

Lastly, in almost all cases, constipation is caused by something. Once you notice your cat is constipated, even if it’s going to be treated at home, you need to reach out to a veterinarian for an appointment so they can figure out why it’s happening. If it takes too long to intervene, your cat may need an enema to clear out the blocked-up stool, which is no fun for everyone involved.

Why a Constipated Cat Might Be an Emergency

Constipation caught early with little to no signs of illness isn’t an emergency. Cats that are constipated enough that they’ve gone off food, though, need to be seen by a vet soon for care. Cats are special from other animals in many ways, but their ability to get a condition called hepatic lipidosis is one of their less awesome quirks. If a cat doesn’t eat for a day, they will start to develop liver damage from how they mobilize the fats in their body for energy. When this keeps happening, it becomes an emergency.

If you think you’re catching a constipated cat late into the process that is hiding, eating very little, seems painful, or is vomiting, they need to see a vet within a day.

If your cat appears to have yellow skin or gums, usually best seen inside their ear pinnas (the ear flaps), conjunctiva, or gums, then it’s an emergency. That cat must see a veterinarian immediately as the condition can be fatal.

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should a cat poop?

A cat should be pooping at least once daily. If they go two to three days without pooping or passing very little stool, that means they’re constipated.

Can you massage a cat to help them poop?

While this may sound soothing, a constipated cat belly is usually uncomfortable, and it isn’t recommended to press around in there. Instead, getting them up to play and move around for exercise promotes intestinal motility (getting things moving) and will help them to poop if they’re able.

Can I perform an enema at home for a constipated cat?

This is very much not recommended. Most enema kits at the store are not sized appropriately for cats, even some infant variations, and the enema solution is often toxic to cats. Cats also need to be sedated for enemas for everyone’s safety in most cases, so always bring them into a vet clinic if you think they may need an enema.

Will olive oil help my cat poop?

Large doses of fats, such as when giving oils, can cause tummy problems for cats. While this can sometimes work in a pinch, it may also make them sicker, so it’s best to skip this and give a real laxative instead, as recommended by a vet.

How can I prevent constipation in my cat?

Treating the underlying cause of constipation is important. Beyond that, high-fiber diets can help to keep them regular, as can adding fiber to their normal diet with things like pumpkin puree. Probiotics are also often helpful.

Conclusion

Constipated cats are usually uncomfortable and in need of help, but luckily this is rarely an emergency, especially if caught early. As soon as you realize your cat has gone an extra day without pooping, it is best to reach out to your vet to check in about what’s going on. They may run some blood, urine, and or fecal tests, take X-rays, and start treatment. Some cats need treatment for a short period, and others have chronic conditions that will need lifelong treatment.

If a cat is going into a litter box and straining, always be sure to confirm if it’s poop or pee, they’re failing to pass, as unlike constipation, a cat that can’t pee is always an emergency.

Featured Image Credit: Uryupina Nadezhda, Shutterstock

The post Is My Cat Being Constipated an Emergency? (Vet Answer) by Dr. Maria Zayas, DVM (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Salmonella is a major public health concern because it can affect most animals and humans. Salmonellosis is the infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. The disease can be transmitted from cats to humans and vice versa, being the second most common zoonotic condition.

Cats can contract the bacteria directly or through contact with the feces of another infected animal. They can also become infected when they eat or drink contaminated food or water. Pets can also suffer from this condition, or they can be carriers.

Salmonellosis can progress from acute or chronic enteritis to septicemia. The diagnosis is made by detecting the pathogen (in this case, the Salmonella bacteria) in your cat’s feces, and treatment consists in administering antibiotics (in mild cases) and supportive care and hospitalization (in severe cases).

Click below to jump ahead:

• Salmonellosis in Cats
• Signs
• Causes
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Care Tips
• Prevention
• Frequently Asked Questions

What Is Salmonellosis (Salmonella Infection) in Cats?

Salmonella infection, medically called salmonellosis, is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. The bacteria usually live in animal and human intestines and are eliminated in the stool.

These infections are common in cats around the world, with the exception of those living in the Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden, or Norway), where Salmonella infection has a low incidence.

Most healthy cats recover in a few days without specific treatment. However, in some cases, diarrhea can cause severe dehydration, requiring immediate medical assistance because it can lead to your pet’s death. Also, life-threatening complications (septicemia) can occur if the infection exceeds the barrier of the digestive system.

What Are the Signs of Salmonellosis in Cats?

The clinical signs depend on the time when the infection has settled in the body and the severity of the condition. The clinical signs that cats infected with Salmonella can show are as follows:

The chronic form of Salmonella infection in cats can lead to severe clinical signs, such as:

What Are the Causes of Salmonellosis in Cats?

Salmonella is a gram-negative bacillus that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, genus Salmonella. This bacterium is non-sporulated, mobile, and flagellate, possessing a specific antigen, somatic O. Salmonella lives in the intestinal tract of animals and humans. Even though it is mainly an intestinal pathogen, Salmonella can also cause systemic diseases, being isolated from different organs and blood. There are over 2,500 types of Salmonella. Infected animals can have two or more types in their body simultaneously.

Cats can become infected when they consume improperly prepared or heated food. Basically, they become infected when they come into contact with infected matter, including contaminated feces or urine. However, a low immune system and advanced age can play vital roles in the development of the infection. Also, if your cat has been or is being treated with antibiotics, they present a greater risk of being infected with Salmonella because antibiotics unbalance the intestinal flora. Salmonella can be killed at temperatures above 70 degrees Celsius (158 degrees Fahrenheit).

How Is Salmonellosis Diagnosed in Cats?

If your cat shows any of the clinical signs, especially diarrhea, take them to the veterinarian immediately. Prolonged diarrhea can lead to dehydration, lack of appetite, lethargy, and weight loss. In turn, dehydration can lead to the death of your pet.

The veterinarian can confirm if your cat is suffering from a severe condition and if there is any cause for concern. The diagnosis of salmonellosis is made after the vet examines your cat and orders a microbiological examination of the feces or rapid testing. The vet can also recommend blood and urine tests.

If the veterinarian suspects that your cat's clinical signs are due to other conditions, they may recommend symptomatic treatment and supervision.

How Is Salmonellosis in Cats Treated?

Most salmonellosis cases are mild, and the cats can be treated at home according to your vet's instructions. In severe cases, though, cats will have to be hospitalized and kept under observation.

Cats with severe infections can become dehydrated, so they can only be treated in a veterinary clinic. Also, cats that lose a large amount of blood will need a transfusion.

In general, depending on how severe the infection is, your cat may need the following treatments:

How Do I Care For a Cat With Salmonellosis?

Always follow the instructions and treatments prescribed by the vet. A food restriction may also be recommended/required for your cat. So, make sure you can provide your pet with the proper diet.

If your cat has been diagnosed with Salmonella infection, you must keep them separate from other pets. Other animals or even people can come into contact with them and easily become contaminated. It is also recommended to wash your hands after every interaction with your cat.

Your cat's hygiene should not be overlooked. Make sure the place your sick cat is occupying stays clean during the entire period of the disease and afterward, Salmonella can survive for a long time in the environment (several weeks to several months). Be careful to pick up after your cat, and do not leave their feces in the park, on the street, or in the garden; other animals and humans (especially children) can come into contact with these and become infected.

How Can I Prevent Salmonellosis in Cats?

To prevent salmonellosis in cats, avoid crowded spaces (if you take them out for a walk), and do not offer them raw meat or insufficiently prepared food.

The condition cannot truly be prevented, especially if you regularly take your cat outside or they live outdoors. These bacteria can be present anywhere, though especially in dirty and unkempt spaces (such as certain pet shelters).

Keep your house clean; it is more difficult for bacteria to develop when they do not have optimal conditions. You can also accidentally step in the feces of other infected animals and bring Salmonella home on the sole of your shoes, and your family and pets can come into contact with it.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How Long Does It Take for a Cat to Recover From Salmonellosis?

Cats infected with Salmonella that have had uncomplicated acute diarrhea usually recover without treatment. However, those suffering from complications will need hospitalization, therapy, and monitoring. Also, cats will shed the bacteria up to 6 weeks after the initial infection. Most cats become healthy carriers of Salmonella, and the elimination of the bacteria in the feces can be reactivated by a weakened immune system, other infections, or stress.

Can Indoor Cats Get Salmonellosis?

Indoor cats can become infected with Salmonella by eating raw meat and unprocessed food. They can also become infected if you step in contaminated animal feces and then bring this home on your shoes. Signs of salmonellosis in cats include vomiting, diarrhea, shock, lack of appetite, and weight loss. Take your cat to the vet if they have diarrhea, as it can lead to dehydration, which can be fatal.

Conclusion

Salmonellosis is an infection caused by the bacteria Salmonella spp. There are over 2,500 types worldwide. Although all cats can become infected with this bacterium, those that do not live in Nordic countries, that have a low immune system, that are old, or that have taken or are taking antibiotics are more prone. Clinical signs are usually mild but can worsen and lead to severe diarrhea that lasts for a long time, along with blood loss, jaundice, fever, dehydration, vomiting, shock, and septicemia. If your cat has diarrhea, take them to the veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Featured Image Credit: Babul Hosen, Shutterstock

The post Salmonella in Cats: Causes, Signs & Prevention (Vet Answer) by Dr. Iulia Mihai, DVM MSc (Vet) appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.